Explain how the existence of externalities (whether from congestion or Essay

Explain how the existence of externalities (whether from congestion or pollution) cause a slight than optimal allocation of resources in road transport - Essay ExampleThe resource allocation changes through externalities since the market fails to completely fund the external attribute caused by economic actions. Markets prices tend to reflect a price based on the original personal utility, while disregard the payback on the third gear parties. Therefore, personal costs may deviate from social costs as the pricing means fall short to replicate the social economic actions. When the acquire for road uses rises above a given level, additional costs (externalities) such(prenominal) as congestion, pollution may result in increased costs such as increased fuel consumption, increased journey times and other running costs as shown below.Additionally pricing arrangement results in a sub-Pareto, most select allocation of resources as the marginal cost of an action equals its marginal private cost where equals its cost due to the failure of all applicable effects. The actual price of a product does not entirely resolve its allocation and consequently the purpose of the market to resourcefully distribute resources based on their accurate prices breaks down consequential in a misallocation. Lastly, according to Schmidtchen (2009, p.30), the continuation of externalities leads to sub-optimal allocation since both too many resources used in processes presenting and uncompensated corporate repayment while the return maximizing production is less than the socially best

Lack of Staff diversity in prisons Research Paper

Lack of Staff diversity in prisons - Research topic ExampleAdded to this is the versatile racial and ethnic population in todays prisons, the diverse levels of education of the prison population, the lack of diversity of staff in the corrections system and the need for educational support that is equitable for all prisoners. Lack of Staff Diversity in Prisons Introduction There has been a melodramatic increase over the past few decades in the number of women who enter the field of corrections and in fact, there is reported to be significantly to a greater extent women employed in jails and prisons than men. This has resulted in gender-based issues relating to corrections employment that needs examined in the research. In addition, there has been a significant increase in the number of women who argon being incarcerated in todays prisons and this too has affected and served to change the face of the environment for those employed in prisons corrections facilities. Added to this is the diverse racial and ethnic population in todays prisons, the diverse levels of education of the prison population, the lack of diversity of staff in the corrections system and the need for educational support that is equitable for all prisoners. I. ... y reported having been conducted at three Midwestern prisons states finding that no relationship between gender and conjecture tension was found. (Lambert, et al, 2007, p.18) A separate study conducted of correctional officers at a Southwestern correctional facility reports findings that no significant relationship between gender and job stress was found. (p.18) In yet an other study conducted among Pacific Northwest correctional officers findings show that female and male staff had similar levels of burnout in equipment casualty of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. (Lambert, et al, 2007, p. 18) Findings show that female and male respondents generally reported the same level of job stress. (Lambert, et al, 2007, p. 18) Lambert et al (2007) reports that the research on differences in corrections to date on gender issues is rather mixed. There is support that men and women differ in some sphere of influences, while in other areas, there appears to be no gender difference between correctional officers and their works and work attitudes. (p.19) Britton (1997) reports conclusions from a qualitative study that gender was important in how correctional staff perceived their work environments although quantitative studies are reported to have found no differences. However, other quantitative studies did find differences in this area of study. The work of Reijnders (1996) entitled A Library Service for Multicultural Groups in Dutch Prisons reports that many of the prisoners in the Netherlands are not able to understand Dutch and this results in isolation for these prisoners. However, delivery of books in the language of the prisoners assists in easing the time they are incarcerated. However, gather ing a collection of foreign books that are diverse in

The Heart Symbol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Heart Symbol - Essay ExampleAs a apparitional token, it entails a powerful tug to express and convey a message to the observer the greatness of Gods love for his children. In the Christian religion, the symbolization of the Sacred Heart stands for the three trilogies faith, hope and charity. It conveys four great messages Gods movement towards mankind through Jesus pure tit, the movement of the human mettles toward God, the joining together of human intent with God, and the joining together of human hearts in sacred friendship and brotherhood. Ancient Egyptians called the heart symbol Ieb (Heart), believing it was the center of all consciousness, the center of life itself. The heart religion is also used as an icon in other religions standardised Buddhism, Islam, Taoism and etc. Generally, the heart was depicted and understood as the center of a humans being and consciousness. In more realistic depictions of the human heart though, morbid messages of death and violence a re conveyed, which is in contrast to the usual messages associated with the symbolic heart. Unusual presentations of the heart symbol also exist. For example, people from Sweden associate the heart symbol to restrooms or toilets and defecation.The heart symbol has evolved from being religious icons. The heart symbol has also evolved in its use of slang language, the slang expression I U (I love you or I heart you) is gaining popularity today in expressing love or affection with occasionally an implication that the feeling is shallow or immature. The slogan I NY (I love New York), is a well known pop-style icon that directly promotes the urban pride of New York.No matter how the heart symbol is depicted or illustrated, its impact and power on religion and contemporary views is undeniable. A brief look at a heart symbol brings an unmistakable instant message of affection, totaling to love. For that, it is continually used over time, slowly evolving and taking different forms, bringin g with them new ideas. List of ReferencesSymbols 2018. Online encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms. 7 May 2006.

Visual Arts and Films Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Arts and Films Studies - Essay ExampleIn moving picturemaking or film performance and optical artistrys development, the directors and the general crew endeavor to make their work look authentic and very to their audience. Habitually, it involves a series of stages such as the original story, the idea through script writing, casting, editing, shooting and cloaking the finished film to an audience. The development of a film or visual art takes place around the instauration taking into account factors such as economic, political and social contexts, while incorporating technologies, as well as cinematic effects in the case of film. The production of some of these products can take as long as several years to complete while other(a)s take a few months, incorporating many people. The some crucial part in generating a quality product is during the commission of the idea. This is where the filmmaker ensures that the costume design, its interpretation, technical arts and spe cial effects, set design for screen and theatre design look as authentic as possible. Although the cast contributes a large part to how a film or visual art performance will be received, other factors such as cinematography effects, the costumes and interpretation of the costumes as well other technologies involved, affect how the audience appreciates the authenticity of the product. mankind and real are twain words that make realism a difficult word to explain as well as the expansion of disputes in art and philosophy, where it is predominantly used. In the arts, realism is the attempt of the artist to embody their theme as truthfully as possible. This paper is going to discuss two American films, The Matrix of 1999 and 300 released in 2006. These films are different in terms of their genre and setting, where the Matrix is a science fiction action film while 300 is an action packed film, set in the medieval times. Their similarities could be attributed to the struggle of the dire ctors in trying to make the films appear as real as possible. Both films try to bring forward a certain truthfulness to the audience. The Matrix brings out the reality of dystopian future, antonym Utopia, in which reality is cyberspace or stimulated reality called The Matrix. Dystopia appears in works of fiction, seeking to speculate on the future, usually characterized by dehumanization, environmental disasters and dictatorial governments. 300, on the other hand, are set in a medieval age, where a certain king fights against the Persian god king Xerxes. The directors of both movies expectant to work hard to make these setting come and appear real to the audiences in terms of costume, dialogue, cinematic effects and other technologies (BARNWELL, P. 187, 2008) Filming is divided into five parts, the Development, pre-production, production, post-production and distribution. The main rural area of focus when the director is in the moment of bringing reality to the film is the pre-pr oduction. Pre- production encompasses all the preparations do before the actual shooting such as the cast, the film crew, selection of the film location and building of the site. More so, pre-production ensures that every step involved in creating the film is carefully planned and designed. In pre-production of The Matrix, the director, The Wachowski brothers, made sure that all crew involved in the film understood the theme of the film and the requirement of the chosen actors was that they were able to explain The matrix. All the chief(prenominal) cast and the crew were also required to read Simulacra and Simulation, a philosophical treatise book used to conceal disks in the film. Reeves the main protagonist in the film, utter reading the book enabled him to explain all the philosophical jargons involved in the film (MACKENDRICK & CRONIN, P. 123, 2005). For the fight scenes, the directors incorporated a Chinese director because of the growth and intricacy of Chinese action cinem a. In preparation of these action scenes, it was required for every actor to train intensely for months. Downward flowing green font equal

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Article Review - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, both coal and nuclear have little or no cipher storage needs and both have been thoroughly analysed in a monetary value analysis to promote further interest by the business community to build more plants of both types. The authors grant that both these sources come with tremendous environmental impact, and in fact refer to them as environmental delinquents, but they purport that they both ar essential wedges in the power capacity production of the world. just the tremendous amount of carbon emissions produced by coal energy and the problem of nuclear waste storage and the high cost to produce nuclear energy are daunting problems for these resources.Coal itself produces the lion share of energy for the planet. Its use is expected to rise 73% by the year 2030, due primarily to the frugal emergence of both India and China. If this scenario is true than greenhouse gases are also projected to increase by 56% within the same time frame. The authors point come forth that the good news is that there are alternatives to reduce these carbon emissions by sequestering the gasses in large underground chambers. However the technology and lack of fail-safe protocols are counter productive to implementing this technology. There is also the process of Coal gassification, which separates out the various gasses from raw coal and makes the sequestering of Carbon Dioxide a more simplified process. A by-product of this would also create hydrogen gas that can be burned and also used as fuel. They also site the continued abundance of fossil fuels as a source for energy far into the future. While research continues in to the area of Clean Coal plants, most researchers admit that it is an insufferable pipe dream.Nuclear energy, on the other hand, has had its bout of black-eyes such as the Cernoble and Three-Mile Island disasters. The authors admit this was very bad press for production of more nuclear

3D MODELING USING PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Essay

3D MODELING USING PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - strain ExampleFirst, I am grateful to the University for granting me the opportunity to pursue the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in this institution. Second, I wish to thank to my Supervisor for the foc use and committed support offered to see me through my doctorate studies. Third, I remain indebted to all the persons, corporate and individual for volunteering their time to provide the requisite information, which has been svelte to form the substance of this Thesis. Finally, I acknowledge the support of my academic colleagues for their positive critique of my work, for advising me and keeping me company throughout the academic journey. To all those who supported me in one way or another but have not been mentioned individually, accept my gratitude. ABSTRACT The mathematical modeling of the real world images is mostly predominate by partial differential equations. The major challenge that has disturbed most players in this industr y of geometric modeling and use of computer graphics is the cause of representative human facial geometrical images. Such geometries are crucial for an extensive range of uses, such as in 3D face recognition. The kindred can be utilise in virtual realism presentations, facial appearance simulations and computer-based plastic surgery applications. The main objective of this paper was to address methods used for the construction of 3D geometry/modeling of human faces founded on the use of Partial Differential Equations (PDE) and to enable the compression of those 3D data for faster transmission everywhere the internet. In this study, the corresponding geometry to a face is applied as a set of surface patches, with each patch represented using boundary curves in the 3-space thus, formulating the suitable boundary settings for the selected PDE. The boundary curves are removed automatically by the use of 3D information of human faces acquired by means of a 3D scanner. In this study, through the use of certain experimental confirmations it is shown that the effectiveness of the partial differential equations (PDE) based method for 3D facial surface reconstruction using scanned data effectively addresses the topic of this study. Additionally, I have also shown that the methodology makes available a well-organized way of representing facial images by the use of small sets of restrictions that could be exploited for effectual storage of the facial data and quick verification of the same. For further research, the study recommends the need for its replication in other universities or leveling up to the national or international levels. Chapter 3 Efficient 3D Data Compression through Parameterization of Free-Form Surface Patches This study seeks to present a new(a) technique for 3D data compression centered on the parameterization of surface patches. The successful usage of the procedure requires that it be applied to data which can be easily defined as single-valu ed functions. Such a scenario is the case for 3D patches that are obtained by the use of standard 3D scanners. Another significant stimulate with this technique is that, it defines the number of mesh cutting planes, while the connection or intersection of the planes on the mesh defines a set of sampling points. An explicit body structure that allows for the parametrical definition of both x and

Carbon Forestry in the Gola Rainforest in Sierra Leone Essay

Carbon Forestry in the Gola Rainforest in Sierra Leone - Essay ExampleWE will also examine drivers of deforestation and humiliation in the Gola forest. Qualitative study using maps was used in Sierra Leone on developments of the REDD+ mechanism in helping address deforestation. While REDD+ carries potential benefits, the prospects for its lucky implementation in a developing country like Sierra Leone faces multiple challenges to meeting both its objectives and opportunities to improve livelihood of the local communities.Global forests, specially tropical rainforests, play a key role in climate regulation. They provide a range of other benefits such as rainfall for agriculture, onslaught prevention and biodiversity. However, human activities have significant impacts on forests which in turn affect climate and wider ecosystem services. Deforestation is a major contribution to climatic changes, deforestation alone has contributed to about 20 percent of global greenhouse gases (Gul lison et al., 2007). In West Africa, the moist and semi deciduous forests that stretch across Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Cote D Ivoire and Ghana have attracted attention as the assumed remainder of a once Upper Guinea forest ecosystem has progressively reduced due to deforestation and degradation. In various ways, international climate change negotiations have created opportunities and attention to the task of how to effectively slow down deforestation in developing countries. It would non only reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but would also provide additional benefits to the climate system including preserving the net carbon sink that may be present in old growth tropical forests and protect the environment. The basic goal is to preserve trees that would otherwise be cut down and thus break carbon dioxide, the most commonly emitted greenhouse gas. The REDD document specifically encourages parties to explore a range of actions, identify options,